Cache Coherence Protocol Overhead in NUMA-Aware Distributed Shared Memory Systems: An Empirical Analysis of MOESI State Transitions Under Heterogeneous Workload Contention
Keywords:
NUMA architecture, MOESI cache coherence protocol, distributed shared memory, false sharing, directory-based coherence, hardware performance counters, memory hierarchy optimization, inter-node invalidation latency, heterogeneous workload contentionAbstract
Cache coherence maintenance in Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architectures imposes measurable latency penalties during high-frequency MOESI state transitions, particularly under asymmetric workload distributions across heterogeneous compute nodes. This study presents a rigorous empirical analysis of protocol-level overhead in distributed shared memory (DSM) systems comprising 32-node clusters with mixed CPU-GPU memory hierarchies. Using hardware performance counters, cycle-accurate simulation via gem5, and custom microbenchmark suites, we quantify inter-node invalidation traffic, false-sharing penalties, and directory-based coherence arbitration costs across six distinct contention scenarios. Results demonstrate that MOESI transition storms account for up to 34.7% of total execution stall cycles in write-intensive workloads, with cross-socket invalidation latencies reaching 412 ns under peak contention. Proposed adaptive ownership migration heuristics reduce coherence overhead by 21.3% without sacrificing memory consistency guarantees.
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